Dr M G Manoj, a scientist at the Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research in Cochin University of Science and Technology joins News Brake to discuss the intensity of the heatwave in Kerala and the reasons behind it.
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Speaker 1: nature's playbook seems to have taken an unexpected turn in
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Speaker 1: the God's own country. This year, temperatures soared past 35
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Speaker 1: °C in Kerala as early as February 3 months on
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Speaker 1: the mercury has only zoomed further, leaving its residents in despair.
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Speaker 1: But that's just the beginning. Wild elephants, tigers, bears and
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Speaker 1: boars roaming in the forest are now making daily trips
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Speaker 1: to Kerala towns. And then there's the sea, unleashing its
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Speaker 1: fury with the unpredictable colour cuddle waves crashing against the coast.
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Speaker 1: Amidst these bewildering occurrences, questions hang heavy in the air.
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Speaker 1: What is driving this unprecedented heat? Is it the hand
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Speaker 1: of the El Nino or the ominous shadow of the
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Speaker 1: global warming? Or perhaps something altogether unforeseen?
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Speaker 1: Hi, you're listening to on Manorama Explainer Podcast NewsBreak, a
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Speaker 1: weekly show that breaks down news in a clutter free manner.
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Speaker 1: This is Harita Benjamin, and today we are here to
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Speaker 1: discuss why the Indian subcontinent and Kerala in particular, is
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Speaker 1: boiling hot.
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Speaker 1: Dr. MG Manoj, a scientist at the Advanced Centre for
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Speaker 1: Atmospheric Radar Research in Cochin University of Science and Technology,
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Speaker 1: CUSAT joins us today to discuss the matter. Welcome to
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Speaker 1: the show, Dr Manoj. Thank you so much for joining News Brake .
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Speaker 1: Thank you.
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Speaker 1: So, let's begin with the basics. H ow hot is
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Speaker 1: Kerala right now? If you are to compare the data
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Speaker 1: to previous years and months, what does it indicate?
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Speaker 2: Actually, Kerala is grappling with severe heat. And the India
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Speaker 2: Meteorological Department has declared a heatwave
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Speaker 2: for the second time in history in Kerala. The first
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Speaker 2: incident was in 2016 17 when the one of the
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Speaker 2: strongest EL Nino took place. And, Kerala faced the heat index
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Speaker 2: and exactly after seven years,
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Speaker 2: the second time
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Speaker 2: it has arrived. And this time it is more severe
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Speaker 2: compared to the previous one. And the impact is so
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Speaker 2: huge that we lost several valuable lives too. So it
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Speaker 2: is a critical state in which
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Speaker 2: temperature added with the humidity is creating most, uh, uh,
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Speaker 2: distrust for the common people.
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Speaker 2: Those who are rich and can afford to an AC and
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Speaker 2: the other cooling mechanisms are safe. But the common people
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Speaker 2: are suffering from this, sweltering hot condition. If you want
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Speaker 2: to talk in terms of quantities, the average maximum temperatures
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Speaker 2: are higher by
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Speaker 2: four degrees or 4.5 °C compared to the climatological average.
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Speaker 2: So that means, uh, we are facing or we are
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Speaker 2: inching towards the hotter regimes, in recent days. And for
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Speaker 2: the last one week, the temperature has reached or crossed
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Speaker 2: the 40 °C benchmark.
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Speaker 2: So it is really a tough time for the ordinary people.
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Speaker 2: And we need to have or exercise caution regarding this
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Speaker 2: special condition.
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Speaker 1: All right, sir. So now you were speaking about the
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Speaker 1: heat wave in particular. So what qualifies as a heat wave?
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Speaker 1: And how harmful is the exposure to sunlight? Or, you know,
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Speaker 1: the UV and the heat?
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Speaker 2: Yes. There's a strict condition or criteria adopted by the
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Speaker 2: Indian Meteorological Department to declare Indians heat as heatwave All
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Speaker 2: increase. The temperatures cannot be qualified as heatwave, but it
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Speaker 2: should satisfy two conditions. The first one is the average temperature,
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Speaker 2: or the maximum temperature should be above 40 °C For
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Speaker 2: the plane areas. For the heat areas, it should be
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Speaker 2: 30 °C. And once it process this benchmark temperature or
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Speaker 2: threshold temperature. The the the anomaly or the departure from
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Speaker 2: the climatological average should be above 4.5 °C. So if
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Speaker 2: these two conditions are satisfied simultaneously, then it is declared
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Speaker 2: as a heat wave, provided
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Speaker 2: it should continue for one or two days consecutively. And
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Speaker 2: at least the two stations in adjacent recording stations. So
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Speaker 2: if all conditions are met, then it is a heatwave.
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Speaker 1: So this average is a long period average. Is it?
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Speaker 1: So how many years are taken for this average?
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Speaker 2: Right, generally average for a statistically significant one. We should
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Speaker 2: have at least 30 years of data, and the higher
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Speaker 2: the number, the higher the number it is good. So
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Speaker 2: generally I MD takes 50 or 100 years of data
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Speaker 2: at least 50 years of data. Uh, we have to
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Speaker 2: consider for calculating the climatological average because every year there
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Speaker 2: will be fluctuation in temperature for that particular day.
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Speaker 2: So you take, for example, today is may 2nd. So
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Speaker 2: you consider all May 2s for the last 50 years
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Speaker 2: or 100 years and take the average of that one.
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Speaker 2: And if today, this year. Today. If it is, 4.5
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Speaker 2: °C above the climatological average, then the departure is calculated
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Speaker 2: for estimating heat wave intensity.
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Speaker 1: Right. Uh, so now there is also this thing called
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Speaker 1: heat index, where a new factor in the humidity factor. Right. So,
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Speaker 1: how important is humidity? Is it a good thing or
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Speaker 1: a bad thing? Because I am a person who grew
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Speaker 1: up in the Middle East. I was in Kuwait as
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Speaker 1: well as in UAE
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Speaker 1: and in U A E The humidity was higher than, uh,
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Speaker 1: the and in Kuwait it was more of a dry heat.
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Speaker 1: So I've often heard my parents comparing the two types
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Speaker 1: of heat. And sometimes they used to say that the
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Speaker 1: humidity is better. Uh, compared to the dry heat in Kuwait. So,
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Speaker 1: is that true, or is that a common misconception?
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Speaker 2: Yes, there is some science to that because we need
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Speaker 2: an optimum condition of humidity if the humidity is very less,
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Speaker 2: that is not good for the skin. And if it
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Speaker 2: is too high, that is, uh, humidity is generally expressed
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Speaker 2: as percentage relative humidity relative means with respect to the
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Speaker 2: maximum capacity. What is the current, uh, amount available? That
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Speaker 2: is why it is the percentage. So if humidity is
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Speaker 2: above some 50 or 60% then our, uh, body starts
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Speaker 2: sweltering like anything. And this, uh, sweating is an automatic mechanism
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Speaker 2: to pull down the body that is controlled by our
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Speaker 2: hypothalamus in the brain. So on the higher side, it
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Speaker 2: is not that good. And if it is too low, like, uh,
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Speaker 2: below 20% then also we feel severe
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Speaker 2: dryness in our, uh, skin. So the optimum condition is
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Speaker 2: close to something like a 40 to 50 that is
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Speaker 2: affordable and very good. And why we need to factor
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Speaker 2: in humidity while considering the temperature. There is an explanation
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Speaker 2: for that one. Because, uh, we know humidity or water
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Speaker 2: vapour is a gaseous form of water liquid water. And
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Speaker 2: for converting this liquid water into this gaseous phase, it
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Speaker 2: needs to absorb certain heat from the surrounding area. That
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Speaker 2: means the humidity has lot more content of heat compared
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Speaker 2: to a dry air having the same temperature of that
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Speaker 2: of that air of that water vapour. So, uh, that's
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Speaker 2: why the burning due to this steam or water vapour
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Speaker 2: is more injurious
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Speaker 2: and and dry burning. OK, so so nowadays, you know
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Speaker 2: that we know that, uh, Kerala is experiencing a, uh, hot,
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Speaker 2: humid maritime climate. That means the humidity levels are al
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Speaker 2: almost all throughout the year i t is very high closing 50%
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Speaker 2: or so. So a lot more humidity means, uh, our
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Speaker 2: body is experiencing that additional heat, other than the dry air.
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Speaker 2: So to put it, put it in quantitative manner. Suppose,
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Speaker 2: the air temperature today is, uh, 38 °C and the
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Speaker 2: average humidity is close to 50%. The body experience in
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Speaker 2: temperature or the temperature experienced by by the body is
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Speaker 2: something like a 44 or 45 °C. It is greater
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Speaker 2: than the dry air temperature.
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Speaker 2: Now, let the air temperature be the same, but the humidity
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Speaker 2: you slightly increase by 10% so that it is now 60%
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Speaker 2: the temperature experienced by the body or the feeling temperature
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Speaker 2: is close to 48 °C. So this added humidity adds
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Speaker 2: discomfort to our body. And that's what Kerala is facing now.
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Speaker 2: Because the several places
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Speaker 2: thunderstorms are there even though it is not widely scattered.
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Speaker 2: There are certain isolated thunderstorms. And, those areas which are
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Speaker 2: receiving these thunderstorms are actually increasing the humidity level in
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Speaker 2: the atmosphere. In addition, the coastal areas coastal cities are
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Speaker 2: also experiencing more humidity. So it adds a little bit
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Speaker 2: of more distress to the body. And, uh, our, uh,
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Speaker 2: heat controlling mechanism is affected.
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Speaker 1: All right, moving on we have been hearing this phrase
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Speaker 1: called El Nino for quite some time now, And the
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Speaker 1: scientists are actually, uh, pinning the blame on El Nino
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Speaker 1: for the current hot temperatures. So could you briefly explain
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Speaker 1: this phenomenon to us? And is this the reason why
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Speaker 1: summer has arrived so early in Kerala at this time?
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Speaker 2: Exactly. El Nino is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomena that means
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Speaker 2: the there is an anomalous warming in the east central
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Speaker 2: Pacific close to the equator, the sea surface temperature or
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Speaker 2: the SST is increasing by 2 to 5 °C above normal.
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Speaker 2: So, several millions of square kilometres of warming in the
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Speaker 2: Pacific has impact on the atmosphere. Also, because this added
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Speaker 2: heat in the Pacific will be transferred to the atmosphere
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Speaker 2: and thereby affecting the pressure pattern atmosphere globally. That means
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Speaker 2: the global wind pattern will be affected if pressure is changed.
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Speaker 2: So wherever we are getting rain there, you may not
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Speaker 2: get rain. And wherever we are not getting rain, we
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Speaker 2: may get rain. So such a contradictory phenomenon or contrasting
00:11:39
Speaker 2: features arise due to this El Nino conditions, as far as
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Speaker 2: India is concerned, there is, uh, the wind pattern is
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Speaker 2: not favourable for any rain cloud formation so that we
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Speaker 2: are devoid of summer rains. And, not only that it
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Speaker 2: is as a result of this E, you know, the
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Speaker 2: the circulation pattern in the atmosphere gets modified.
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Speaker 2: And there is something known as an anticyclone which in
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Speaker 2: which the air rotates in the direction of clock. So
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Speaker 2: if such anti co circulation or anti cyclones exist at
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Speaker 2: the in the atmosphere, that circulation will not allow the
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Speaker 2: hot air from the ground to rise.
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Speaker 2: If hot air rises, then only we will feel some
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Speaker 2: sort of comfort. But this anticyclone will not allow the
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Speaker 2: hot air to rise. And it will actually suppress convection
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Speaker 2: over the land area so that we will feel additional warming.
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Speaker 2: So because of this atmospheric conditions, the temperature at a
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Speaker 2: particular region will start increasing to dangerous levels. That's what
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Speaker 2: we have been experiencing during El Nino and in this year prior
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Speaker 2: to summer,the premonson months of March, May, in February itself, we
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Speaker 2: experienced temperatures as high as 36 or 37 °C at
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Speaker 2: many parts of the state. This was due to the
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Speaker 2: enormous circulation initiated by Nino conditions. So El Nino is, uh,
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Speaker 2: really a concern for weathermen .
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Speaker 1: Right. And it's going to affect everything from agriculture to
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Speaker 1: human beings. Right. Uh, So how long is this El
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Speaker 1: Nino phenomenon going to last? Will it will its influence
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Speaker 1: in the Indian subcontinent next year as well. Or will it,
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Speaker 1: you know pass on La Nina conditions later on.
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Speaker 2: Good question. El Nino has a typical periodicity of 2 to
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Speaker 2: 7 years. That means if this year is El Nino, next one may happen
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Speaker 2: after two year or third year. Fourth year, up to
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Speaker 2: seven year anywhere between 2 to 7 year. That is
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Speaker 2: the periodicity . So next year need not be El Nino. But next to next year may be El Nino.
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Speaker 2: This typical periodicity of El Nino will last for generally for one
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Speaker 2: or 1.5 year. And, currently the El Nino that we are
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Speaker 2: experiencing has come into a neutral state.
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Speaker 2: It is not El Nino nor La Nina. La Nina is
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Speaker 2: the opposite of Nino. So, we are in the neutral state
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Speaker 2: at present, but still, the effect that was produced as
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Speaker 2: a result of the previous El Nino still prevails in the atmosphere.
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Speaker 1: Right. So, now moving on, are there any other reasons
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Speaker 1: for this hot weather?Beacause people are also talking about global warming.Is
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Speaker 1: global warming and climate change also partly at fault?
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Speaker 2: The causative factors can be divided into 2- One is the global effect.
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Speaker 2: Second one is the local effect in the global effect. Definitely,
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Speaker 2: this global warming is the culprit because you know, globally
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Speaker 2: the air temperature and the sea surface temperatures are on
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Speaker 2: an increasing trend, and it has repercussions in our region also.
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Speaker 2: So that is the one thing. Second thing is, the
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Speaker 2: global oceans are warming at an unprecedented rate,
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Speaker 2: especially the Indian Ocean is warming at double the rate or,
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Speaker 2: almost doubled compared to the global oceans so that the
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Speaker 2: Arabian Sea is now in a very hot state boiling state.
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Speaker 2: We can qualify it as a boiling state because the
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Speaker 2: currently the sea surface temperatures are 1 to 2 Celsius
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Speaker 2: above normal. Generally, during May 1st week, we have a
00:16:08
Speaker 2: sea surface temperatures close to 29 or 29.5. But currently
00:16:14
Speaker 2: the Arabian Sea that is adjoining the Kerala coast is
00:16:18
Speaker 2: now at 31.5 °C to 32 °C. So there is
00:16:23
Speaker 2: an anomalous warming of 1.5 to 2 °C along the
00:16:26
Speaker 2: Kerala coast. And the effect is that during even during nighttime,
00:16:32
Speaker 2: this additional warm or heat energy, escaping from the Arabian
00:16:37
Speaker 2: Sea will be spread into the land area and we
00:16:39
Speaker 2: can have a sweltering hot conditions during midnight hours. These
00:16:46
Speaker 2: are the global effects.
00:16:48
Speaker 2: the second factor is the local effect. Local effect is
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Speaker 2: mostly as far as Kerala is concerned. It is totally
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Speaker 2: an urbanised area. There is no very less, marshy land
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Speaker 2: or forest area compared to other north Indian states. So,
00:17:03
Speaker 2: his additional land cover land use changes that we have
00:17:07
Speaker 2: brought in over Kerala for the last several decades. However,
00:17:13
Speaker 2: more
00:17:13
Speaker 2: the surface properties, if the surface is green, then it
00:17:17
Speaker 2: will reflect of much of the solar energy coming into
00:17:21
Speaker 2: the atmosphere so that we will feel cool. But once
00:17:25
Speaker 2: we modify the or destroy the greenery and increase the
00:17:29
Speaker 2: built up area like a concrete buildings, tar road, etc ,
00:17:34
Speaker 2: then these surfaces have a property of absorbing more
00:17:38
Speaker 2: heat energy, and it will re- radiate this energy into
00:17:42
Speaker 2: the atmosphere, making our atmosphere very warm. Even during midnight hours.
00:17:47
Speaker 2: That's why Nowadays, we can't sleep because of this additional,
00:17:51
Speaker 2: concrete buildings and our roads and et cetera. So the
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Speaker 2: the remedy is to increase the greenery, the surface area,
00:18:00
Speaker 2: we have to increase with the greenery.
00:18:03
Speaker 2: And we should adopt certain ecofriendly measures to, um, build
00:18:11
Speaker 2: the houses constructions and wherever development happens, we should have
00:18:18
Speaker 2: a concrete plan to, offset the the ill effects. That
00:18:23
Speaker 2: is the most important factor we have to think at
00:18:26
Speaker 2: the local level.
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Speaker 1: Right. So on one hand, we have the ocean heating up,
00:18:31
Speaker 1: and on the other hand, we have the land heating
00:18:33
Speaker 1: up due to our land use patterns. So now there
00:18:38
Speaker 1: is this warning against Kallakadal phenomenon, which has been issued
00:18:41
Speaker 1: by the I MD. Now you were speaking about, you know,
00:18:44
Speaker 1: the ocean temperatures rising, et cetera. Is this something connected
00:18:48
Speaker 1: to that, or is it normal, or is it also
00:18:50
Speaker 1: related to the changes in ocean temperature and global warming
00:18:54
Speaker 1: in general? Could you just break that down for us?
00:18:59
Speaker 2: Kallakadal is a separate phenomena where rogue waves are coming from
00:19:02
Speaker 2: remote ocean places where storms develop. For example, last month
00:19:07
Speaker 2: we experienced a severe Kallakadal and the origin was the
00:19:11
Speaker 2: southern Atlantic Ocean, something like 10 kilometres away from Kerala coast.
00:19:17
Speaker 2: There was a storm and the waves generated or triggered
00:19:22
Speaker 2: by these storms travelled all the way up to Kerala
00:19:25
Speaker 2: coast and created this hazard. So that is, uh, that
00:19:28
Speaker 2: is one thing, Kakar.
00:19:30
Speaker 2: But as the temperature of the ocean is increasing, there
00:19:33
Speaker 2: are two effects. One is the the seawater expands, and
00:19:38
Speaker 2: once it expands, it requires more space to get accumulated.
00:19:41
Speaker 2: So there will be naturally, the sea level rise will
00:19:45
Speaker 2: be there. That is one thing. And on the other hand,
00:19:48
Speaker 2: if ocean temperatures are increasing, that will produce more severe storms.
00:19:53
Speaker 2: So as a result of this
00:19:55
Speaker 2: storm against storm surges will be there. So it is,
00:19:58
Speaker 2: in a way, intricated and very complicated. And they have
00:20:02
Speaker 2: interactions and it is affecting Kallakadal phenomenon also. So, that way
00:20:10
Speaker 2: should be more prepared to face such challenges in the
00:20:14
Speaker 2: immediate future.
00:20:16
Speaker 1: Right? So now another question which comes to mind is
00:20:19
Speaker 1: you know, how is the monsoon forecast looking like this year?
00:20:23
Speaker 1: Will it be influenced by the El Nino? You just said
00:20:26
Speaker 1: that it is almost neutral right now. Is the effect going
00:20:31
Speaker 1: to persist until the monsoon?
00:20:35
Speaker 2: Yeah. El Nino is only one factor that is affecting the
00:20:39
Speaker 2: strength of monsoon. There is one more phenomenon similar to
00:20:43
Speaker 2: that is known as the Indian Ocean dipole. That is
00:20:46
Speaker 2: east to west asymmetry in the surface temperatures in the
00:20:50
Speaker 2: equatorial Indian Ocean region. OK, first, I will talk about
00:20:54
Speaker 2: the El Nino. I have already mentioned that this year the
00:20:59
Speaker 2: El Nino is subsiding. And it is now in the neutral stage.
00:21:04
Speaker 2: And almost all climate models globally predict that by the
00:21:10
Speaker 2: second half of monsoon, that is, by August, uh, 2024.
00:21:15
Speaker 2: This neutral condition will further change into La Nina condition.
00:21:20
Speaker 2: La Nina is just the opposite phase of El Nino.
00:21:24
Speaker 2: So it is favourable for good monsoon over India.
00:21:29
Speaker 2: We are expecting more or a good amount of rainfall
00:21:34
Speaker 2: in the second half of, uh, monsoon by August to September
00:21:41
Speaker 2: Then the second factor is the Indian Ocean dipole that
00:21:44
Speaker 2: also has positive dipole and negative dipole and neutral condition
00:21:47
Speaker 2: in between. So positive Indian Ocean dipole is good for
00:21:52
Speaker 2: a very good monsoon. And, uh, most of the climate
00:21:55
Speaker 2: models indicate that we are on the way or engine
00:21:58
Speaker 2: to a positive IOD. So both of these factors are
00:22:03
Speaker 2: going to help a good rainfall over Indian region. And,
00:22:08
Speaker 2: on one side, it is good, but on the other side,
00:22:12
Speaker 2: we cannot rule out the possibility of extreme flood like situations. Anyway,
00:22:24
Speaker 2: we cannot predict it right now, but there are probabilities
00:22:27
Speaker 2: or possibilities, so we should be prepared to face such challenges.
00:22:32
Speaker 1: All right. To wind up, let's talk a little more
00:22:35
Speaker 1: about climate change.
00:22:37
Speaker 1: What is the most conservative estimate say about the rising temperatures?
00:22:41
Speaker 1: If we are to look forward and how do we
00:22:43
Speaker 1: adapt to it at an individual and a macro level?
00:22:46
Speaker 1: Is our weather forecast system sufficient? The current system sufficient, uh,
00:22:51
Speaker 1: for us in the long run, or do we have
00:22:54
Speaker 1: to develop that feature in, you know, advanced models or
00:22:58
Speaker 1: something of that sort?
00:23:01
Speaker 2: Weather prediction and climate prediction are somewhat different. Uh, technically speaking,
00:23:08
Speaker 2: they are different, but we cannot predict the weather for
00:23:11
Speaker 2: more than one or two weeks. We cannot predict, but
00:23:14
Speaker 2: climate climate is like an average condition that can be predicted,
00:23:20
Speaker 2: something like a decades at go. So as far as the
00:23:24
Speaker 2: the inter governmental
00:23:27
Speaker 2: panel on climate change, that is the official UN agency
00:23:31
Speaker 2: IPCC IPCC report. By the end of the century, the
00:23:35
Speaker 2: global average surface temperature is expected to rise by 3
00:23:40
Speaker 2: to 5 °C by the end of this century. That
00:23:43
Speaker 2: means by 2100. We may face a new hot regime
00:23:48
Speaker 2: of climate.
00:23:50
Speaker 2: And, you know, for every 1 °C agreement in air temperature,
00:23:56
Speaker 2: there is a 7% increase in humidity expected. That means
00:24:04
Speaker 2: in the hot and humid climate, more water vapour will
00:24:08
Speaker 2: enter into the atmosphere and they have the potential to
00:24:12
Speaker 2: develop deep, convective clouds, which can produce exceptionally heavy rainfall,
00:24:20
Speaker 2: like a cloud burst. So this sort of, uh, implications
00:24:24
Speaker 2: are there. But anyway, this is an estimation or a
00:24:28
Speaker 2: projection because it all depends on how we address this
00:24:32
Speaker 2: problem at the earliest.
00:24:34
Speaker 2: That's why we use different scenarios, or it is known
00:24:38
Speaker 2: as S SPS, socially shared pathways. So depending upon our
00:24:45
Speaker 2: developmental policies there are 3 conditions on how we end up in this century .
00:24:55
Speaker 2: I will tell you three conditions. One is, all the
00:24:58
Speaker 2: developmental activities are going on, just like at the current rate.
00:25:02
Speaker 2: Then we we implement a lot of green policies and
00:25:07
Speaker 2: reduce the greenhouse emission. That is the second one. And
00:25:11
Speaker 2: the worst case is we are all adhering to our
00:25:14
Speaker 2: luxurious life. So under these three different conditions,
00:25:18
Speaker 2: what could be the projected temperatures that will vary? And
00:25:22
Speaker 2: we are to the best estimate we are experiencing three
00:25:26
Speaker 2: to or expecting 3 to 5 °C by the end
00:25:29
Speaker 2: of the century. But remember, this is a globally averaged
00:25:33
Speaker 2: picture
00:25:34
Speaker 2: everywhere. Geographically, there can be variations. For example, the polar
00:25:41
Speaker 2: regions are warming at the double the rate compared to
00:25:46
Speaker 2: other other region double or triple rate. So there will
00:25:49
Speaker 2: be more ice melt, and that can have repercussions on
00:25:54
Speaker 2: sea level rise . So all these problems are really complicated, but,
00:26:02
Speaker 2: the scientists are trying to trying their level best to
00:26:06
Speaker 2: understand this phenomenon and make a prediction for the future generation.
00:26:13
Speaker 1: Thank you so much, Doctor Manoj, for joining us. I
00:26:16
Speaker 1: think all of us are a little more aware about what, uh,
00:26:19
Speaker 1: this heat wave is about and why the temperatures are
00:26:22
Speaker 1: where it is today. Uh, and I hope, uh, that
00:26:26
Speaker 1: all of us, uh, will learn to live a little
00:26:29
Speaker 1: more sustainably, uh, so that our future generations have a
00:26:33
Speaker 1: better world to live in.
00:26:34
Speaker 1: Thank you so much for joining us. T hat's a
00:26:37
Speaker 1: wrap of today's episode of on Onmanorama's News Brake and
00:26:40
Speaker 1: explain a podcast produced by Harita Benjamin with technical production
00:26:43
Speaker 1: by Ideab rew Studios. It comes out every week and
00:26:47
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00:26:52
Speaker 1: more updates